There are numerous researches on coastal erosion in Thailand, especially in the Bangkok Bay and the lower Gulf of Thailand. Back to 1996, Vongvisessomjai et al. [1] analyzed coastal erosion in the Gulf of Thailand by utilizing navigation charts and topographic maps. They were able to find severe erosion on the west of Chao Phraya River mouth, Phetchaburi Province, and Hua Hin District, and Prachuap Khiri Khan Province; additionally, accretion was found on the east of Chao Phraya River mouth and the south of Songkhla Lagoon inlet. Remote sensing technologies became a useful tool for analyzing shoreline changes. Siripong [2] used remote sensing to investigate coastline changes in Thailand and mentioned that economic development since the 1970s, which led to the industrialization in coastal areas, connected to coastal erosion problems. The author also mentioned that mangrove deforestations increase erosion while preservations of such a forest can enhance accretion. Charusrojthanadech and Yamamoto [3] implemented shoreline change analysis in Sangchan Beach using satellite images. The results show that coastal structures in the area—that is, Y-type groins and detached breakwaters—were the cause of heavy erosion. Thampanya et al. [4] studied the relationship between coastal erosion and mangroves in Southern Thailand using in-situ transects and remote sensing. -They found that there is significantly different erosion characteristic between coasts with- and without-mangroves, that is, coasts with mangroves were found less erosion than the coasts without mangroves. They mentioned that mangrove deforestations, usually for shrimp farming, induce coastal erosion by increasing fetches; moreover, constructions of dams have blocked riverine sediments and therefore cause erosion. The mechanism of mangroves was studied by Rattanarama et al. [5]. They performed hydraulic model experiments to investigate wave dissipation rates and an erosion protection ability of mangroves. Then, they could reproduce the effects of mangroves with acceptable accuracy by using Ca et al. [6] model, a numerical model based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique, the shallow water equation of Boussinesq, and the bed transportation rate equation of Ribberink [7]. Thereafter, the effective width of the mangroves woods was proposed.
References
[1] Vongvisessomjai S., Polsi R., Manotham C., Srisaengthong D., and Charulukkana S. (1996). “Coastal Erosion in the Gulf of Thailand,” In: Milliman J.D., Haq B.U. (eds) Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Subsidence. Coastal Systems and Continental Margins, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht.
[2] Absornsuda Siripong. (2010) “Detect the Coastline Changes in Thailand by Remote Sensing,” International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, Volume XXXVIII, Part 8, Kyoto Japan 2010, pp.992-996.
[3] Charusrojthanadech, N., and Yamamoto, Y. (2013). “Assessment of Coastal Erosion and Coastal Protection with Hybrid Y-Type Groyne/Detached Breakwater in Sangchan Beach,” Proceedings of the 21st Engineering, Applied Sciences, and Technology Conference, Thailand.
[4] Thampanya, U., Vermaat, J., Sinsakul, S., and Panapitukkul, N. (2006). “Coastal erosion and mangrove progradation of Southern Thailand,” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 68(1-2), pp. 75–85. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2006.01.011
[5] Rattanarama, P., Charusrojthanadech N., Yamamoto, Y. (2015). “Prediction of Surface Elevation Change in Mangrove Forest and Evaluation of Coastal Erosion Prevention by Mangrove Forest,” Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, 21-26 June, Kona, Hawaii, USA.
[6] Ca, V.T.; Yamamoto, Y.; Tanimoto, K.; and Arimura, J. (2002). “Simulation of Wave Dynamics and Scouring Near Coastal Structures by a Numerical Model,” Coastal Engineering 2002, pp. 1817–1829, doi:10.1142/9789812791306_0153.
[7] Ribberink, J.S. (1998) “Bed-load transport for steady flows and unsteady oscillatory flows,” Coastal Engineering, Vol. 34, pp. 59-82.